Soil-transmitted helminthiasis

Soil-transmitted helminthiases are caused by parasitic worms and are widespread in areas with inadequate sanitation. They primarily affect the intestines, leading to a range of health issues, with the most severe impacts on children. Control and prevention efforts focus on improving hygiene and sanitation, as well as regular deworming treatments.

Causative Agents: The main worms causing soil-transmitted helminthiases are roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). These parasites are prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and are primarily transmitted through soil contaminated with human feces.

Transmission and Lifecycle: Infection occurs when people ingest eggs (in the case of roundworm and whipworm) or larvae (in the case of hookworms) present in contaminated soil. These can be ingested directly or through contaminated food. For hookworms, infection can also occur when larvae penetrate the skin. Once inside the body, the worms live in the intestines, mature, and reproduce, releasing their eggs or larvae in feces, which can then contaminate the soil.

Symptoms and Impact on Health: The severity of symptoms depends on the worm burden. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool (particularly with hookworms), malnutrition, and in severe cases, physical and cognitive growth retardation in children. Hookworms can cause chronic intestinal blood loss leading to anemia.

Epidemiology: Soil-transmitted helminthiases are among the most common infections worldwide, affecting the poorest and most deprived communities. They are particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where sanitation and hygiene are poor.

Prevention and Control: Effective prevention involves improving sanitation and hygiene practices, including the use of proper toilets and handwashing. Regular deworming through mass drug administration (MDA) in at-risk populations, especially children, is a key strategy for control.

Treatment: The treatment involves the administration of safe and effective medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which can kill the worms. These medications are often distributed in mass deworming campaigns, particularly targeting children and women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) in endemic areas.

Global Health Efforts: These infections are a major focus of global health initiatives aimed at reducing the burden of neglected tropical diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) and various NGOs work towards the control and elimination of soil-transmitted helminthiases through integrated measures including mass drug administration, improved sanitation, and health education.

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Region Location Program stage Years Portrait PDFs Landscape PDFs Data
Eastern Africa Madagascar MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Mauritius MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Mozambique MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Namibia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Niger MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Republic of Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Rwanda MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Sao Tome & Principe MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Senegal MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Seychelles MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Sierra Leone MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa South Africa MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa South Sudan MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Zanzibar) MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa The Gambia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Uganda MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zambia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Nigeria MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Algeria MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Angola MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Benin MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Botswana MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Burkina Faso MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Burundi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Cameroon MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cape Verde MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Central African Republic MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Chad MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cote d'Ivoire MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Equatorial Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Eritrea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa eSwatini MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Ethiopia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Gabon MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Ghana MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea-Bissau MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Kenya MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mauritania MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Lesotho MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Liberia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Madagascar MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mauritania MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Mauritius MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Mozambique MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Namibia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Niger MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Republic of Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Rwanda MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Sao Tome & Principe MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Senegal MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Seychelles MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Sierra Leone MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa South Africa MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa South Sudan MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Zanzibar) MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa The Gambia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Uganda MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zambia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Nigeria MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2014 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Algeria MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Angola MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Benin MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Botswana MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Burkina Faso MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Burundi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Cameroon MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cape Verde MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Central African Republic MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Chad MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cote d'Ivoire MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Equatorial Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Eritrea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa eSwatini MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Ethiopia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Gabon MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Ghana MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea-Bissau MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Kenya MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Lesotho MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Liberia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Madagascar MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mauritania MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2016 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf

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