Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms, transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater. It can cause a range of chronic health problems, including damage to internal organs. Efforts to combat the disease include improving sanitation, reducing exposure to contaminated water, snail control, and mass drug administration of praziquantel.

Causative Agents: The main species causing schistosomiasis are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum. These species vary geographically and cause different forms of the disease. In Africa, the two most prevalent species are S. mansoni and S. haematobium  

Transmission and Lifecycle: Schistosomiasis is transmitted through contact with freshwater contaminated with the larvae of the parasite, released by freshwater snails. When people swim, bathe, or wade in the water, the larvae penetrate the skin and migrate through the body to the veins around the liver or bladder, where they mature into adult worms.

Symptoms and Health Impact: Initial infection may cause a rash or itchy skin. Chronic infection can lead to various symptoms depending on the species of worm. Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum primarily affect the intestine and liver, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver damage. S. haematobium primarily affects the urinary system, leading to urinary tract infections, and bladder cancer, and can cause blood in the urine.

Epidemiology: Schistosomiasis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It's estimated to affect millions of people worldwide.

Prevention and Control: Prevention strategies focus on reducing exposure to contaminated water, snail control, and improving sanitation and access to safe drinking water. Health education plays a critical role in prevention efforts.

Treatment: The primary treatment for schistosomiasis is praziquantel, a medication that is effective against all forms of the disease. Mass drug administration campaigns are often conducted in endemic areas to reduce the prevalence of the disease.

Global Health Initiatives: Schistosomiasis is recognized as a significant public health problem and is targeted by various global health initiatives. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other agencies aim to control and eventually eliminate the disease through integrated approaches, including treatment, improved sanitation, and snail control.

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Region Location Program stage Yearssort descending Portrait PDFs Landscape PDFs Data
Central Africa Equatorial Guinea Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zambia Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Algeria MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Ethiopia MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa eSwatini MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Equatorial Guinea MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zambia MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa The Gambia MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Mauritius MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Burundi MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Mozambique MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Mauritius MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Liberia MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Malawi MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Central African Republic MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Chad MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Sierra Leone MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cape Verde MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa South Sudan MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Seychelles MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa The Gambia MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Chad MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa The Gambia MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Cameroon Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa South Sudan Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Benin MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Botswana Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Lesotho MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Republic of Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Burundi MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Liberia MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Lesotho MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Gabon MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea-Bissau MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Seychelles MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Seychelles MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Rwanda Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Equatorial Guinea MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Sao Tome & Principe MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Sierra Leone MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Algeria MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Niger MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Botswana MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Rwanda MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Niger MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mauritania MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Ethiopia MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Eritrea Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Angola MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Nigeria MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Gabon MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Ethiopia MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cote d'Ivoire MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Uganda MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Eritrea MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Zimbabwe MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Mozambique MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Cameroon MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa eSwatini MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Namibia MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Mozambique MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Madagascar MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mauritania MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Mali MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Chad MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cape Verde Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) Endemicity 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea-Bissau MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Zanzibar) MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Cote d'Ivoire MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Uganda MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa South Africa MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Central Africa Central African Republic MDA/PC rounds (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Tanzania (Mainland) MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Sierra Leone MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC rounds (Therapeutic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2013 - 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Eastern Africa Comoros MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Togo MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Western Africa Guinea-Bissau MDA/PC coverage (Geographic coverage - Total population requiring treatment) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf
Southern Africa Botswana MDA/PC coverage (Therapeutic coverage - SAC) 2015 Download map png Download map pdf Download map png Download map pdf

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